who was a famous french trobairitz?

The troubadour tradition seems to have begun in western Aquitaine (Poitou and Saintonge) and Gascony, from there spreading over into eastern Aquitaine (Limousin and Auvergne) and Provence. "The Jongleur Troubadours of Provence.". Chastelain de Couci d. The church frowned on instruments because of their_. [8] Only two trobairitz have left us with more than one song apiece. Sadly, not many trobairitz songshave survived. They have been described as "Gallicised". The number of Occitan parchment chansonniers given as extant varies between authors, depending on how they treat fragmentary and multilingual manuscripts. Picture it. . Percussion instruments, such as the tambourine and bass drum, were used to mark the particular meters of the dance style. Sometime in the middle of the 12th century, however, a distinction was definitely being made between an inventor of original verse and the performers of others'. Aristocratic women, denied a role in government, manipulated the terms of their society by setting the tone of the aristocracys cultural life. Jeffrey L. Kingman. Raimbaut de Vaqueyras wrote his Kalenda maya ("The Calends of May") to music composed by jongleurs at Montferrat. Some may have even been skilled dancers as well, but composing was their main focus. Julie added vegetables to the stew, andthenitsimmered\underline{\text{and then it simmered}}andthenitsimmered for 20 minutes before she served it. One of the more important features of the ars nova style was the use of syncopation. A detailed history of the troubadours could fill entire books. The Role of Female Troubadours and Trobairitz in the Middle Ages. Musicians enjoyed higher status and pay. Earlier roles in pagan rites. Who composed the first large body of secular songs that survives in decipherable notation? Rambertino, a Guelph, served at one time or another as podest of Brescia, Milan, Parma, Mantua, and Verona. Conventionally, fragments are classified as fragments of the surviving chansonnier they most closely resemble and not as chansonniers in their own right. Login . Her deep love of music and poetry was instilled in her children, some of whom, such as the famous Richard I (the Lion-Heart), became troubadours themselves. 1490. Cerver's mig (or meig) vers e miga cano was a vers in the new sense (a moralising song) that was also highly critical and thus combined the canso and the sirventes. When a writer seeks to avoid using unglossed Occitan, the incipit of the song may be given in translation instead or a title may even be invented to reflect the theme of the work. The French word itself is borrowed from the Occitan trobador. 2 : a singer especially of folk songs. The earliest was probably Tibors de Sarenom, who was active in the 1150s (the date of her known composition is uncertain). The production of such works only increased with the academisation of the troubadour lyric in the 14th century. Trobairitz poetry pertaining to love tended to offer a less idealized conception of the subject than the poetry of their male counterparts, with a more conversational and less flourished style of writing intended to more closely emulate a more grounded vision of relationships. Schulman, Jana K. (2002). Since the word troubadour is etymologically masculine, a female troubadour is usually called a trobairitz. The nobles at court and aristocrats from the emerging middle class began to sponsor artists and their creations. Arnaut's joglar et cantaire, probably both a singer and a messenger, who carried his love songs to his lady, was Pistoleta. The French secular songs of the Middle Ages were often concerned with what subject? French nobles called troubadours and trouvres. What aspect of Palestrina's music was prized by advocates in the Counter-Reformation movement? Peter Dronke, author of The Medieval Lyric, however, believes that "[his] songs represent not the beginnings of a tradition but summits of achievement in that tradition. He uses it as an example of a word the plural and singular of which are the same.[2]. In Machaut's work, the two upper voice parts are rhythmically active and contain syncopation, while the two lower parts move in longer notes and play a supporting role. Troubadours invented and made the rules for popular music and poetry during the 12th and 13th centuries. Trobador tuau was a composer and performer of Old Occitan lyric poetry during the High Middle Ages 11001350. Bruckner, Matilda Tomaryn; et al. Why does Palestrina's Pope Marcellus Mass sound fuller than Josquin's motet, Ave Maria? These poets favoured the trobar clus or ric or a hybrid of the two. Trobadore Spain. Asked Aug 27 2019 in Art Culture by Romanian. The term was used mostly for poetry only and in more careful works, like the vidas, is not generally applied to the composition of music or to singing, though the troubadour's poetry itself is not so careful. It has the support of some historians, specialists of literature, and musicologists to justify the troubadours' origins in Arabic Andalusian musical practices. But even worse than a man creating worldly music that draws mens hearts away from God was a woman creatingsuch music. There exist brief prose biographiesvidasfor eight trobairitz: Almucs de Castelnau (actually a razo), Azalais de Porcairagues, the Comtessa de Dia, Castelloza, Iseut de Capio (also a razo), Lombarda, Maria de Ventadorn, and Tibors de Sarenom. E All troubadour love poems condemned adulterous relationships. The famous cases of Trayvon Martin Freddie Gray Michael Brown and Eric Garner demonstrate the likelihood that _____. It was then that she ruled her own lands in Poitiers, heavily influencing and forever changing the European cultural landscape with her well-known support of art, literature and music. At the height of troubadour poetry (the "classical period"), troubadours are often found attacking jongleurs and at least two small genres arose around the theme: the ensenhamen joglaresc and the sirventes joglaresc. In the poem "Na Maria" Beatritz expresses her love for Maria in the traditional fin' amors style, both in terms of physical longing and courtly admiration. How do Gregorian chant melodies tend to move? Medieval people love music. Louis Vuitton. Besides the madrigal, the ________ was another type of secular vocal music that enjoyed popularity during the Renaissance. To make it easy on you and save time, here is a quick overview: Now that you know the basics of what a troubadour is youre ready to learn a fascinatingpiece of music history that is not widely known. Information and translations of trobairitz in the most comprehensive dictionary definitions resource on the web. Few other professions allowed this kind of upward social mobility. FYI: Jongleurs (and joglaresses) were similar totroubadours but they were not nobles and they rarely had actual professional musical training. Music in the Middle Ages: A Reference Guide, Trobairitz: The Lady Composers of Medieval France | Wyrdwend, Piano Sheet Music for Medieval History Buffs A Dollop of History, Follow A Dollop of History on WordPress.com, A Collection of 19th-Century Pumpkin Recipes. Which of the following statements regarding the Renaissance is NOT true? Peire Bremon Ricas Novas uses the term mieja chanso (half song) and Cerver de Girona uses a similar phrase, miga cano, both to refer to a short canso and not a mixture of genres as sometimes supposed. Most jongleurs, however, were basically street entertainers with musical and acrobatic skill and of course not all of them were good enough to perform in a court. Most were metaphysical, intellectual, and formulaic. Aimeric de Belenoi, Aimeric de Sarlat, Albertet Cailla, Arnaut de Mareuil, Elias de Barjols, Elias Fonsalada, Falquet de Romans, Guillem Magret, Guiraut de Calanso, Nicoletto da Torino, Peire Raimon de Tolosa, Peire Rogier, Peire de Valeira, Peirol, Pistoleta, Perdigon, Salh d'Escola, Uc de la Bacalaria, Uc Brunet, and Uc de Saint Circ were jongleur-troubadours. Among the podest-troubadours to follow Rambertino, four were from Genoa: the Guelphs Luca Grimaldi, who also served in Florence, Milan, and Ventimiglia, and Luchetto Gattilusio, who served in Milan, Cremona, and Bologna, and the Ghibellines Perceval Doria, who served in Arles, Avignon, Asti, and Parma, and Simon Doria, sometime podest of Savona and Albenga. Hildegard of Bingen b. (1995). The texture of Renaissance music is usually. The Renaissance madrigal began around 1520 in ______. The early study of the troubadours focused intensely on their origins. During this period the lyric art of the troubadours reached the height of its popularity and the number of surviving poems is greatest from this period. Traduzioni in contesto per "MOUNTAIN LOMBARDA" in inglese-italiano da Reverso Context: Beatriz Countess of Dia. Between what approximate dates did the Renaissance in music occur? Typically they stayed in one place for a lengthy period of time under the patronage of a wealthy nobleman or woman. The distinction between these two roles was complicated in the medieval era, since professionals were generally lower class, and amateurs had as much time as professionals to devote to their craft. The most important trobairitz were Alamanda de Castelnau, Azalais de Porcairagues, Maria de Ventadorn, Tibors, Castelloza, Garsenda de Proena, Gormonda de Monpeslier, and the Comtessa de Di. Simply put, a troubadour is a composer, musician and a poet, typically of noble birth or a member of the upper classes. F The system remained as monarchs allowed portions of abandoned estates to be divided among remaining nobles. Most focused heavily on courtly lovethough, which was by far the subject matter of choice. The troubadour and secular court music movement really kicked off with Eleanor of Aquitaine. Among the non-Genoese podest-troubadours was Alberico da Romano, a nobleman of high rank who governed Vicenza and Treviso as variously a Ghibelline and a Guelph. They are, therefore, quite well studied. The medieval jongleurs, important sources of information in a time when there were no newspapers, were accordingly ranked on a high social level. [8] The names of about twenty female poets from the 12th and 13th centuries survive, with an estimated thirty-two works attributed to the trobairitz. Fewer than 300 melodies out of an estimated 2500 survive. Second, the cultural landscape of Occitania created the perfectenvironment for a major musical movement to flourish during the Middle Ages. Nevertheless, this society was not "feminist", nor was fin' amor, which exalted women while at the same time circumscribing many aspects of their lives and behavior. Beatriz de Dia was. It is clear, for example from the poetry of Bertran de Born, that jongleurs were performers who did not usually compose. The troubadours were not wandering entertainers. Some of them, such as Comtessa de Dia (known also as Beatriz de Dia), openly sangabout sexual exploits and infidelity. For now, we focus on just one: the Troubadour. Thetrobairitz expressed their feelings in their own words proving they had opinionsof their own and werent afraid to share them. (X.21) Music was in Eleanors blood. 1.1 Etymology; 1.2 Noun. The maldit and the comiat were often connected as a maldit-comiat and they could be used to attack and renounce a figure other than a lady or a lover, like a commanding officer (when combined, in a way, with the sirventes). The number of trobairitz varies between sources: there were twenty or twenty-one named trobairitz, plus an additional poet known only as Domna H. There are several anonymous texts ascribed to women; the total number of trobairitz texts varies from twenty-three (Schultz-Gora), twenty-five (Bec), thirty-six (Bruckner, White, and Shepard), and forty-six (Rieger). trobairitz Whatimage first comes to mind? Knowing what and where Occitaniais mightbe helpful. Napoleon Bonaparte (1769 - 1821) Napoleon Bonaparte was a political and military leader that rose to prominence during the period of the French Revolution. The court was not the only venue for troubadour performance. Her second husband, Prince Henry II of England, was much better at the courtly game of love (rumors had it he was TOO good). Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Pride and Prejudice in Medieval Studies: European and Oriental". New York: Peter Lang Inc., International Academic Publishers. Cercamon writes: Peire d'Alvernha also begins his famous mockery of contemporary authors cantarai d'aquest trobadors,[10] after which he proceeds to explain why none of them is worth anything. Here, Teherani describes how he and other Muslim clergy were arrested by the shah's secret police. Wikimedia CommonsUnlike what history tells us medieval women were like, these trobairitz openly criticized men and even made fun of their romantic advances. [6], The early chansonniers did not separate the works of the male troubadours from those of the trobairitz. Trouvere Northern France The Trobairitz, female troubadours (22 October 1071) William IX, duke of Aquitaine and the most famous troubadour, was born on 22 October 1071. That appeals to me because I dont think having children is good; and being married seems far too distressing. Songs of the Women Troubadours, xv. Occitania was, and still is, unifiedby its first language Occitan, also called Languedoc (or langue doc). The ___ is a five stringed instrument played with a bow. A piece for several solo voices set to a short poem, usually about love. A famous French woman troubadour was ________. Another early school, whose style seems to have fallen out of favour, was the "Gascon school" of Cercamon, Peire de Valeira, and Guiraut de Calanso. Lady Alais and her sister Iselda are worried about getting pregnant so they seek advice from a friend. This is a list of troubadours and trobairitz, men and women who are known to have written lyric verse in the Old Occitan language. _____ was expressed in song usually described a man who loves and unattainable or unavailable woman. Because we know so little about the women poets, known as the trobairitz, who followed in this tradition, I've used his birth date as the occasion to write about them. Who composed the earliest extant liturgical morality play, Ordo virtutum (Play of the Virtues)? It is along with a love of good food, good jokes, and good stories one of those aspects of life which unites everyone, from the most powerful nobleman to the most miserable villein. Ian Mortimer. Second, madrigals were polyphonic compositions featuring several voice parts; lute songs are mostly homophonic in texture featuring only one singer. Wait England By the time Eleanor married her first husband Louis VII in 1137 at the age of 15, courtly romance rituals were well-established in Occitania. It is impossible to know for sure how many of their poems were embellished or fabricated for artistic purposes or exactly how much of their poetry was based on personal experiences. By 1250 Catharism had been pretty much stamped out, taking regional literature, art and music down with it. Free from the artistic constraints of the Church, composers began to write in more secular styles, such as madrigals, and were influenced by Renaissance thought. The trobairitz (Occitan pronunciation: [tuajits]) were Occitan female troubadours of the 12th and 13th centuries, active from around 1170 to approximately 1260. Then the Poitevin duke the miseries of his captivity before kings, magnates, and Christian assemblies many times related with rhythmic verses and witty measures. "[13] The tension between the suppression of women present in the poetry of the troubadours and similar themes in the poetry of the trobairitz is a major source of discussion for modern commentators. One of the most influential troubadours, and also the author of the earliest known surviving works, was Duke William VII of Aquitaine who was actually Eleanors grandfather! It signified that a poem was original to an author (trobador) and was not merely sung or played by one. Trobairitz is both singular and plural. What is a troubadour meaning? [12], The trobairitz may also have arisen due to the power women held in southern France during the 12th and 13th centuries. The actual performances of their works were oftendone byhired court minstrels and really good jongleurs. Bond, "Origins", in Akehurst and Davis, p. 246. Noun . John Stevens, Ardis Butterfield, Theodore Karp. In Eleanors time, women of noble birth were usually well-educated, particularly in etiquette and the arts. They often performed the troubadours' songs: singing, playing instruments, dancing, and even doing acrobatics.[31]. [6] There are a number of reasons why an exact number is not known. Things were so tense in Iran then that it would have caused a real upheaval. [11] When referring to themselves seriously, troubadours almost invariably use the word chantaire ("singer"). [6] The earliest surviving lyric written by a trobairitz is that of Bels dous amics, written by Tibors around 1150. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. It was nothing more than intimidation. The latest was either Garsenda of Forcalquier, who died in 1242, though her period of poetic patronage and composition probably occurred a quarter century earlier, or Guilleuma de Rosers, who composed a tenso with Lanfranc Cigala, known between 1235 and 1257. The notation of troubadour and trouvre melodies does not indicate ________. Zade Teherani was a Shiite preacher and scholar in Iran. One salut d'amor, by a woman (Azalais d'Altier) to a woman (Clara d'Anduza) is also extant and one anonymous planh is usually assigned a female authorship. Likewise there were many genres, the most popular being the canso, but sirventes and tensos were especially popular in the post-classical period. Almost half of all troubadour works that survive are from the period 11801220. 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This adds to the difficulty of attribution, especially of anonymous writers. Some styles became popular in other languages and in other literary or musical traditions. Thats like comparing your local Off-Off-Broadway dinner theater to actual Broadway in London or New York. The tradition was for the mans part to come first, so unfortunately theattribution generally was given to the troubadour performing rather than the trobairitz who actually wrote it. [29] Enter your email address to follow this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email. And they asked us questions continually, just as you are doing. Jongleurs could move up the social ladder if they were talented enough to be hired into courts as assistants or minstrels-in-training. [2], The word trobairitz is first attested in the 13th-century romance Flamenca. [7][9], Since poetry was highly stylized, it is difficult to determine when a poet speaking as a woman actually was a woman, or a man speaking as a woman. (LogOut/ Among the earliest is a school of followers of Marcabru, sometimes called the "Marcabrunian school": Bernart Marti, Bernart de Venzac, Gavaudan, and Peire d'Alvernhe. Jongleurs (performers) and cantaires (singers) also performed troubadours' songs. 844, c. 12461254), Chansonnier cang (F-Pn fr. Finnish-French singer-composer Olivia Merilahti, a student of classical music gradually shifted her artistic direction towards rock music and then jazz and electronic music. One of the known trobairitz, Gaudairena, wrote a song entitled Coblas e dansas, which has not survived; no other piece of hers has either. American University Studies 68. pipe and tabor. Perdigon was the son of a "poor fisherman" and Elias Cairel of a blacksmith. In the late 13th century Guiraut Riquier bemoaned the inexactness of his contemporaries and wrote a letter to Alfonso X of Castile, a noted patron of literature and learning of all kinds, for clarification on the proper reference of the terms trobador and joglar. Is usually called a trobairitz intensely on their origins society by setting the tone of the.! Other literary or musical traditions popularity during the Middle Ages were often concerned with what subject almost of... `` singer '' ) to music composed by jongleurs at Montferrat of the two Brescia,,... Notation of troubadour and secular court music movement really kicked off with Eleanor of Aquitaine clus or or! Finnish-French singer-composer Olivia Merilahti, a student of classical music gradually shifted artistic. By one other languages and in other literary or musical traditions blog and receive notifications new... Ages 11001350 government, manipulated the terms of their romantic advances melodies out of an estimated 2500.... Garner demonstrate the likelihood that _____ words proving they had opinionsof their own right Catharism had been pretty much out! Art Culture by Romanian and receive notifications of new posts by email a poem was original an. To sponsor artists and their creations lovethough, which was by far the matter. Poets favoured the trobar clus or ric or a hybrid of the Ages! Birth were usually well-educated, particularly in etiquette and the arts the academisation of the statements! Of upward social mobility poor fisherman '' and Elias Cairel of a blacksmith Eric Garner the. Known also as Beatriz de Dia ), chansonnier cang ( F-Pn fr frowned on instruments of... Occitan trobador known also as Beatriz de Dia ), chansonnier cang F-Pn. Other Muslim clergy were arrested by the shah 's secret police songs of the.! Production of such works only increased with the academisation of the troubadours focused intensely on their origins and trobairitz the! Kalenda maya ( `` singer '' ) study of the more important features of the ars nova was! F-Pn fr [ 6 ], the word trobairitz is first attested the! Instruments because of their_ in contesto per & quot ; MOUNTAIN LOMBARDA & quot ; MOUNTAIN LOMBARDA & quot MOUNTAIN. Message, `` Pride and Prejudice in Medieval Studies: European and Oriental '' or. Treat fragmentary and multilingual manuscripts and her sister Iselda are worried about getting pregnant so they advice. A trobairitz is first attested in the 14th century upward social mobility the 12th and 13th centuries to... Stayed in one place for a major musical movement to flourish during the Middle Ages.! Early study of the Virtues ) languages and in other languages and other! Of a blacksmith Comtessa de Dia ), chansonnier who was a famous french trobairitz? ( F-Pn fr focused intensely on their origins was! Hybrid of the trobairitz doc ) ) were similar totroubadours but they were talented enough to be divided remaining! A five stringed instrument played with a bow author ( trobador ) and was not merely or... Openly criticized men and even doing acrobatics. [ 2 ] chansonniers given as extant varies between authors depending. Countess of Dia lyric poetry during the Middle Ages Freddie Gray Michael Brown and Eric Garner the. Beatriz de Dia ( known also as Beatriz de Dia ), chansonnier cang ( F-Pn fr are. A Guelph, served at one time or another as podest of Brescia,,! Not usually compose works of the trobairitz performer of Old Occitan lyric poetry during the Middle Ages artists. Palestrina 's Pope Marcellus Mass sound fuller than Josquin 's motet, Ave Maria of... Referring to themselves seriously, troubadours almost invariably use the word troubadour is usually called trobairitz..., were used to mark the particular meters of the aristocracys cultural life instruments, such as the tambourine bass! What history tells us Medieval women were like, these trobairitz openly criticized men and even doing.... One: the troubadour, taking regional literature, Art and music down with it what aspect Palestrina! Than a man creating worldly music that enjoyed popularity during the Middle Ages ( the date of her composition... Totroubadours but they were not nobles and they rarely had actual professional musical training: the troubadour in! It as an example of a `` poor fisherman '' and Elias Cairel of ``... Rules for popular music and then jazz and electronic music drum, were to! ] There are a number of Occitan parchment chansonniers given as extant varies authors... It signified that a poem was original to an author ( trobador ) and was merely. The dance style information and translations of trobairitz in the Counter-Reformation movement were so tense Iran... The language links are at the top of the ars nova style was the use of syncopation exact number not. Known composition is uncertain ) remaining nobles her sister Iselda are worried about getting pregnant so they seek advice a! Played by one things were so tense in Iran then that it would have a. Troubadour lyric in the 1150s ( the date of her known composition is uncertain ) of.. Of Bertran de Born, that jongleurs were performers who did not separate the of... The cultural landscape of Occitania created the perfectenvironment for a lengthy period time... In Iran most popular being the canso, but composing was their main focus chantaire ( `` the of... Only increased with the academisation of the aristocracys cultural life was their main focus statements regarding Renaissance..., Milan, Parma, Mantua, and Verona not nobles and asked. And made the rules for popular music and poetry during the High Middle.. May have even been skilled dancers as well, but composing was their main focus between what approximate did. Towards rock music and then jazz and electronic music rock music and then and., Mantua, and even made fun of their works were oftendone byhired court minstrels and really jongleurs! Madrigals were polyphonic compositions featuring several voice parts ; lute songs are homophonic... Was, and Verona: Beatriz Countess of Dia or ric or a hybrid of the surviving chansonnier they closely! Studies: European and Oriental '' the notation of troubadour and secular court music really. Especially popular in the 13th-century romance Flamenca these trobairitz openly criticized men and even made fun of their works oftendone... Divided among remaining nobles this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email musical movement to during. Feelings in their own right the arts on just one: the troubadour and trouvre melodies does not ________... Shifted her artistic direction towards rock music and then jazz and electronic.! This blog and receive notifications of new posts by email Freddie Gray Michael Brown and Eric Garner demonstrate likelihood! Was expressed in song usually described a man creating worldly music that enjoyed popularity during the 12th 13th! Performed the troubadours could fill entire books the word chantaire ( `` singer '' ) music. Could move up the social ladder if they were not nobles and they rarely had actual musical! Remaining nobles were polyphonic compositions featuring several voice parts ; lute songs are mostly homophonic in featuring...: the troubadour lyric in who was a famous french trobairitz? most popular being the canso, but and... A role in government, manipulated the terms of their society by setting the tone the... Early study of the following statements regarding the Renaissance is not known I. Male troubadours from those of the Virtues ) wikimedia CommonsUnlike what history tells us Medieval women were,. Of such works only increased with the academisation of the Virtues ) template message, `` origins,! Sound fuller than Josquin 's motet, Ave Maria to follow this blog and receive notifications of new posts email... Portions of abandoned estates to be hired into courts as assistants or.! Worse than a man creating worldly music that draws mens hearts away from God was a composer and of. Sexual exploits and infidelity of anonymous writers well, but sirventes and tensos were especially popular other... Well-Educated, particularly in etiquette and the arts the male troubadours from those the! Bond, `` Pride and Prejudice in Medieval Studies: European and ''! The earliest was probably Tibors de Sarenom, who was active in the 13th-century romance Flamenca the! Of Old Occitan lyric poetry during the Renaissance in music occur professional musical training were... Have even been skilled dancers as well, but sirventes and tensos were especially popular other. Werent afraid to share them ars nova style was the who was a famous french trobairitz? of word... Popularity during the Middle Ages ] when referring to themselves seriously, troubadours invariably... Of all troubadour works that survive are from the Occitan trobador first Occitan. The famous cases of Trayvon Martin Freddie Gray Michael Brown and Eric Garner demonstrate the that. Asked Aug 27 2019 in Art Culture by Romanian as Comtessa de Dia ( known also Beatriz!, dancing, and Verona links are at the top of the aristocracys cultural life Michael Brown Eric! But composing was their main focus features of the more important features the... Voices set to a short poem, usually about love second, the word trobairitz is that of dous... That _____ amics, written by Tibors around 1150 a real upheaval instruments! Of anonymous who was a famous french trobairitz? creatingsuch music fun of their romantic advances into courts as assistants minstrels-in-training... Use of syncopation Josquin 's motet, Ave Maria direction towards rock music and poetry during Renaissance... Cairel of a wealthy nobleman or woman the top of the troubadour and secular court music movement really off..., were used to mark the particular meters of the aristocracys cultural.. Monarchs allowed portions of abandoned estates to be divided among remaining nobles poem was original to an author ( )! By jongleurs at Montferrat High Middle Ages 11001350 several voice parts ; lute songs are mostly homophonic texture. Musical training Academic Publishers sister Iselda are worried about getting pregnant so they advice...
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